My Grandparents

The piece of writing you are about to read is original and true. It is presented in the form of a Biography of three of my Grandparents my Dads parents (Granny Rita & Granddad) and Mums Mum (Nanny). Granny Rita My Dads Mums maiden was Mason it was given to her by her Fathers Father who was an Irish man. Her matrimonial name is Maynard her forename is Maynard I have always called her Granny Rita. Rita Mason was born in Bridgetown Barbados in January 1942. As a child, she was taught to be polite, friendly, good and helpful, this is most probably the truth as this is how she is today. Also read The Story of an Eyewitness Essay Analysis Rita Mason left Barbados for England in 1959 aged 19. She took a course as a trainee nurse and realized that it wasn't the job for her so she gave up the course. She then got a job as a home machinist and made skirts and dresses for various factories. Eventually in 1972 when my dad was about 12, she stopped making clothes as a profession and got a City ; Guilds degree in Baking and Decorating Cakes and other delicatessens by this time she had my Uncle George her second child. My Dads parents knew each other from before they left Barbados. They got Married in 1961 after my Dad was born in 1960 George was born three years later 2 years later my Auntie Margo was born. Not too long after they got married they set up shop in Walthamstow everything was alright for the few years but the business failed due to lack of experience and or knowledge. They soon got back on their feet and bought a spot in Walthamstow market near Walthamstow Central Station selling summer clothes during the warm months and winter clothes, jackets and coats during the colder months. They've been working on the market for over 16 years now and the business was going well till about late 2000 when the consumers started to drift from the market. They had another son Ricardo who was born in 1983 who was two young to experience the shop like me he has only stories and pictures to show him what it was like. The Maynard's lived in Chingford North East London bordering the London Borough of Walthamforest and the east coast region of Essex. Granddad George Maynard was born in Bridgetown Barbados May 1942, unlike Granny Rita while he worked as a supermarket clerk for 5 months in Barbados. He left his Native Barbados in 1961 with my Rita Mason (Granny Rita before marriage). On arrival in England, he went to trade school and got a degree in the sale of Merchandise and a traders licence. He then bought a spot in Petticoat lane Market. He worked there for about 3 years. After selling the spot in the market, he put a down payment on a shop front that was for sale and started to trade from it the shop was situated within close proximity to London Liverpool St. Station. He then found himself redundant, as the stock was not selling in an inner city shop he sold the shop for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½65k and bought a new van and a spot in Walthamstow Market he also bought a spot in petticoat lane for Sunday trading. By this time as I mentioned previously they had already had all there kids. They kept petticoat lane until 1993. The summer of 1992 was a bad time for us as my Uncle George was Shot dead in gang related attack he was killed round the corner from his parents home where it was thought he was running to. Coping with the death of my Uncle was hard for all of the family but Auntie Margo and Granny Rita found it harder to accept. I think that it was a lot easier for me as I had only known him for 5 years were, as they had known him for a lifetime. The reason it was so hard to over come was because he was shot nine times, while trying to escape to his parents house he was shot while jumping from a first floor balcony in a block of flats, after being shot once while he was running from his killers. He was shot once in the leg, twice in the buttock and then four times in back it was said at the time by coroners that he might of survived if he didn't get shot so many times. He was pronounced dead at the scene by the time the Ambulance and Police had arrived. My Grandparents were informed of what had happened by my mum who was told by Nan who was told by one of her church friends who had seen the incident on a News Bulletin. Thru out my Uncles final days a flock of seven white doves were seen flying around the estate several times on the morning of my Uncles last day which was Friday 15th May 1992 two of them landed one at the back and one at the front of house. The block that he was shot in had walls stained with blood as people had often been murdered in them before. There were originally six of these 16 storey blocks that towered over Chingford hall Estate. They were all eventually pulled down after most of the local residents had signed a petition to have them blown down, as they were associated with drugs, violence and murder. The estate was left felling quiet and empty but it had become a safer place to live in for adults and children new facilities were put in like a Youth Club and a Park. The demolition of the blocks led to the gangsters that used to live on the estate being driven out and then the construction 2500 new houses and flats. The sad thing about the incident was that my Uncle had to die for the council to realize what was going on in the estate, which was well known by Police also just hours before my uncle was looking after and playing with his Daughter Lekiesha aged one at the time. She looks just like him. In a spear time as a family we all go down to the cemetery and tend to my uncles grave my granddad keeps a little corner in the Garden for him which my uncle kept for himself. Nanny My Nan's life before coming to England is similar to Granny Rita's, apart from the fact that she was born in Clarendon, St. Anns Bay, Jamaica August 1942. My Nan didn't marry and still has her birth name Winifred Rose Brown. From what I've heard about my Nan as a child, she was boisterous and was climbing trees and hills. In Jamaica, my Nan was lived in St Anns Bay, which, is situated very close to Montego Bay Jamaica's second most popular region after Kingston and Spanish Town the Kingston being today's Capital Spanish town was the islands capital during the Spanish rule over 500 yrs ago. She was educated in a Jamaican school by her Uncles, Aunts and older Cousins who taught at the school, so when she got in trouble in school she got more trouble at home as my Great Grand Parents would believe the teachers so my Nan never lied about getting in trouble as it didn't make any sense. My Nan often worked my Great Grand parents land with her Brother's and Sisters. My Nan moved to London in 1960 aged 18 she lived in Sigdon Rd Stoke Newington bringing her oldest children with her, boys, Jimmy and Tony (not twins) so that they could get a better quality of life. My Great Grand parents were already here my Nan and her boys arrived. My Nan went on a baking course and passed. She started making cakes as a profession but as she had small children, she quit baking professionally and took up child minding. By now, she had had her first set of twins my mum (Sharon) and her twin Sandra. My Nan, My Great Grandparents, My Mum, My Uncles Jimmy and Tony and My Auntie Sandra moved to Evering Rd Stoke Newington. Where she had her second set of twins a boy and a girl Tracey and Keith some years later she had my uncle Stephen and then two years later she had her last set of twin's boys Brian and Barry. The house was getting a bit crowded so my Nan moved out to Well St Hackney taking her younger Children with her the oldest two Jimmy and Tony stayed with their Grandparents. When they went back to Jamaica in 1972 Jimmy ; Tony decided to go with them Tony cam back for good 2yrs later Jimmy comes over whenever he can find the time. My Nan still bakes cakes and child minds although she a 60 yr old diabetic she is still strong and healthy and makes annual trips home to her Native Jamaica. She still bakes and child minds but not as much as she used to. She also doesn't take in as much children as she used to. My Nan has 18 Grand Children in Total, in the UK 14 living 1 dead at birth, 2 in Jamaica and 1 in the US. My Nan has 9 children 8 live over here in the UK Jimmy lives in Jamaica. My Nan makes sure that the family in Jamaica stays well looked after and cared for. My Nan's Dad sadly passed away at 23:00 Jamaica Time / 4.00GMT (24hr) on Saturday 22nd November 2002. He was very sick and in his early 90's The reason I chose these three of My Grandparents was because if it wasn't for them I wouldn't I be here today. In addition, out of 6 my Grand Parents alive today these three are the closest to me and have helped me in many ways as well as because of what they've done in their lives.

A product that is free of controversy

The portable oxygen cylinders are filled with liquefied oxygen. Mostly used for medical purposes or in areas with scarce or no oxygen like under water or at high levels above the ground i.e. aerospace.Medically, oxygen gas is used in the treatment of gas poisoning, pneumonia, used as an anesthetic when mixed with nitrous oxide or administered in deficiency of oxygen (Rees, Dudley, 2006).Liquefied oxygen is pale blue in color, and has a density of 1.141g/cm3. The liquid has a boiling point of -182.96oC and a freezing point of -222.65oC. Its raw material is oxygen which is obtained from natural air by a process know as fractional distillation.   At 20oC the liquid gas has an expansion rate of 860:1 (O'Leary, 2000).Fractional distillation is done in a factory with boilers this makes the laborers to work at very cold environments which are highly flammable. Natural air is made up of different gases which has different evaporation or freezing points. The natural air is first liquefied t o be liquid air which has a mixture of liquid nitrogen and liquid oxygen with boiling points of (-196oC) and (-183oC) respectively.Liquid air is heated to -183oC which oxygen evaporate, it’s tapped and liquefied again now as Oxygen liquid which is then packed in high pressure cylinders for distribution. Most of the cylinders meet minimum requirements of weighing 5 pounds and under and usually last up to 5 hours or more (Portableoxygen, 2009). The cylinders administer oxygen in pulses through a device know as a conserver which delivers a pulse of oxygen when the user inhales.Ethical considerations of the product are; the liquefied gas is highly explosive and flammable hence it use for industrial purposes. Due to its properties of being highly flammable and explosive some people mix it with powdered charcoal to make explosives which are lethal.The product should be produced the way its being done but its distributions should be controlled and sold only to authorized dealers and users to minimize its use to prepare explosives.ReferencesO'Leary, D. (2000). Oxygen O2: Retrieved on Mar 22, 2009 from http://www.ucc.ie/academic/chem/dolchem/html/elem/elem008.htmlPortableoxygen, (2009). Portable Oxygen: Weights & Durations: Retrieved on Mar 22, 2009 from http://www.portableoxygen.org/weightsand%20durations.htmlRees, P & Dudley, F. (2006). Provision of oxygen at home. British Medical Journal. 317(7163): 935–938.

Occupation is the major determinant of both social class and status in industrial societies Essay

In our society today, it is argued if occupation is the major determinant of both social class and status in industrial societies. Occupation is defined as an individual’s regular work or profession, job or regular activity performed for payment that occupies one’s time. Occupation has been viewed both negatively and positively as the major determinant of both social class and status. Industrial societies are those driven by the use of technology to enable mass production, supporting a large population with a high capacity for division of labour. Status and class are both supported by factors that influence occupation such as race, education, community size, family status, income of workers and measured intelligence. It is greatly supported that occupation is the major determinant of both social class and status in industrial societies, for example, if an individual is brought up either in a rich or poor family and becomes educated to an extent of achieving a higher national degree such as a P.H.D or a M.D. such an individual is bound to earn a higher status and class in a society. For instance, a neurosurgeon can achieve a higher status and class as they may be earning a higher income as compared to a general doctor at a local clinic situated in a local town. Another example may be that of a lecturer at a university and a teacher at a school, because a lecturer earns a higher salary as compared to a teacher his/her status is higher. Their level of education is also considered as the lecturer is usually more educated than a teacher, thus he/she earns higher prestige in an industrial society. Family status may also be another factor out of many which influences one’s status or class. Taking for example, if an individual was to be born into a wealthy and influential family, they would have attained an ascribed status which could turn out to be a great advantage in the industrial societies. The individual has a privilege of learning at a well facilitated expensive school and also attaining a high rank as a managing director or even the C.E.O in the family’s company or due to membership influence in another major company. This may result in one earning a higher status and class in the society. Occupation however, is sometimes not viewed as the major determinant of either social class or status as there are other factors like that of race amongst others. Race has always been a major factor of discrimination and segregation in societies, for example in Zimbabwe, during the liberation struggle black people were considered of being lower class, they occupied the lower class jobs, housings and many other underrated facilities as they were made to work for the white people who were their lords and only means of employment. This kind of unfair treatment brought the social class and status of black people down in the industrial societies, which therefore provides supporting evidence to Karl Marx’s conflict theory. Another example of racial discrimination still evident in most parts of the globe is that of employment opportunities, given a black man and a white man who just graduated from university with equal achievements and applied for a job vacancy at a major company. Th e white man is usually the first preference to the black man due to beliefs that whites are more superior, this kind of treatment surely lowers the status and class of blacks whilst raising that of the whites. Community size is another factor influencing one’s status and class. The greater the community size, the greater the prestige it holds. For example, a professional accountant working at a small bank at a growth point like Murombedzi growth point is bound to achieve a lower status and social class as compared to an equally qualified professional accountant working at a big company like Econet or NMB bank in a huge city. In this case it can be reasoned that the social class and status were not determined by occupation but by location and community size. With the above information, one can conclude that occupation is in fact the major determinant of both social class and status in an industrial society. However, despite the seemingly convincing contributions of occupation in determining the class and status, it must not be left out that there are also some factors other than occupation like community size and race which also determine an individual’s social class and status in industrial societies.

Reflect on learning activities becoming a registered nurse Essay

Reflect on learning activities becoming a registered nurse - Essay Example In order to get involved with such a practice, usually an employment request is sent to such hospitals. These employment requests contain a letter and Curriculum Vitae. Curriculum Vitae or CV is basically a summary of your academic and work history. However it is developed as a personal sales brochure which is carefully written and presented to ensure you have the best possible chance of getting the job you want. A CV is often all a prospective employer has to judge you and call for an interview which is the final step to employment. [3] Focusing on the specialization is extremely important. For example after becoming a registered nurse, you further specialize in midwifery area so it is very important to update your CV with this additional qualification. Furthermore employers are likely to be impressed if you have a membership of a professional association. Therefore it is recommended that you join at least one association e.g. NMC, RCM, RCN, MDU. Apart from this the most important area you should concentrate is to be active in your field and learn any new developments. You must update your CV using current buzz words that are specific to your field and updates should occur after a month adding any new duties, responsibilities and skills learnt. [1] [3] [5] To increase your credibility, ensure that you include at least two references from past and present employers. And following my experience, make sure that you never criticize your past employers as all your credibility of work and skills will be lost in a jiffy. All in all the employer will look at the neatness and attractiveness of your CV so make it as presentable as possible taking advice from senior and experienced people during the process of making a CV. [1] [4] Nurses play a key role as a part of a multi-disciplinary team and, as such, you will need to

The Enron case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Enron - Case Study Example d the corporation and it was realized that their reported financial condition was sustained considerably by an institutionalized, methodological, systematic and crafted planned accounting fraud, which was to be known as the Enron scandal. The corporation did this through a complicated arrangement of special purpose entities they referred to as the Raptors. The Raptors were expected to cover their expenses if the stocks in their start-up businesses collapsed. Most surprising is the fact that the corporation took spent 16 years to grow from about $9 billion assets to $60 billion, but only spent about a month to go bankrupt. The Company collapsed so fast and so entirely. In fact it made history as the largest bankruptcy and accounting scandal in American. The absence of truthfulness by management about the company led to their downfall. The overriding benefits and public trust ended immediately. For years the management lied about the financial reporting thus worsening the economic ability. They made employees loos job and lack of investors trust was evident. The senior management team believed Enron had to be perfect in everything it did and that they had to safeguard their reputations and their compensation as the most successful management in the US. Three most common forms of accounting frauds above where witness that led to the downfall of the company. The corporation followed these illegal accounting practices in financing which subsequently ensure the company be valued more attractively and appealing to the investors by the by Wall Street analysts and rating agencies. Most notably was the fact that Enron as a company used various related parties in increment of equity and crafted its financial arrangements using various loopholes in laws. All these was surprisingly was conducted trying to not consolidate into its reports and accounts by at will not fulfilling certain ethical conditions. This was a principle and a plan that proposed by both Andrew Fastow and

Negotiation Agent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Negotiation Agent - Essay Example One of the things that I did well in this negotiation was to frame the negotiations in a way that ensured a fair outcome for both parties involved. To gain the trust of Fred, I said that Mike and Rachel would have to pay more rent between the two of them than he would have to pay himself because their room was larger than his. This was important because it put me in a position where both of the parties would listen to my opinion. After this, I brought up a point on which there would be easy agreement, namely the payment of the utility bills. It was agreed that each person would pay equally for all utilities. I feel that this was a good thing to do early in the negotiation, to get them agreeing and working together before negotiating on the rent itself. When I brought up the rent, Fred made an offer to pay $250 in rent, which would leave the remaining $450 for Mike and Rachel to split. I told him that I thought $250 seemed too low since he would have his own room, which wouldn't be mu ch smaller than the master bedroom. Then I asked Mike what he thought was a fair price and he said he wasn't sure. This was when the negotiation became somewhat awkward, since I felt I needed to represent Mike's interests, but I also didn't want to lose Fred's trust.

Did the New Deal work Why or why not Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Did the New Deal work Why or why not - Essay Example Hence, prompted intense debates that persisted during the New Deal’s implementation. However, the New Deal eventually realized its goals giving the president during then a firm base meant to response to his critics’ opinions boldly while citing the then improvement of economic sector in all aspects including people’s lives. The New Deal despite at its inception and during implementation faced numerous criticisms from disbelieving opponents, it worked efficiently evident in the way it met its economic targets. As Roosevelt stated, â€Å"substantial gains well known to all of you have justified our course (Roosevelt, â€Å"Relief, Recovery, Reform and Reconstruction†)†. In this case, gains encompassed numerous and varied improvements that characterized then economy besides heightening people’s welfare. The president was even elaborative in defending his strategy with statistics though hesitantly to mention because those whom he was telling espe cially his opponents knew much about them. They encompassed gain in â€Å"average weekly pay† and reemployment of numerous people especially by private sectors, hence his strategy not only was economic-focused but also touched on citizens’ lives. ... this led to reducing incidences of bankruptcy and uncertainties, which the state together with its industrial firms earlier experienced due to economic unpredictability. In this case, Walker’s sentiments aimed at arousing his audience’s thoughts concerning what used to be the norm in comparison to the economy after implementing the New Deal whose benefits they could measure and experience. Therefore, this acted as a wakeup call for the citizens and especially critics of the then idea to see huge federal’s amount of money that had gone into stabilizing the economic and emerged successfully. This was in alignment with the New Deal intentions, which many before its inception thought was ineffective. New Deal’s emergency gave birth to the rise of varied the then emergent agencies aimed at heightening citizens’ welfare irrespective of their respective political persuasions. According to Mooney, â€Å"†¦.the legislation passed in the first â€Å"Hu ndred Days† of the Roosevelt administration created an array of new federal agencies intended to organize the economic recovery (Mooney, 96).† Agencies in the entire framework of the New Deal comprised varied aspects whose intentions were citizen-centered, for instance, WPA. Since, each state’s economic progress is the measure of citizens’ welfare and ability to offset daily bills satisfactorily without compromising regime of the day’s financial goals. Therefore, through strategy the state not only managed to help the people but also met their respective goals through establishment of agencies, though critics seemed too â€Å"blind† to notice them. The inception and taking over of New Deal contrary to numerous debates successfully managed to change

Executive Summary- Annual Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Executive Summary- Annual Marketing Plan - Essay Example To address these, a brief background on Sears Holding Corporation would be introduced prior to expounding on the executive summary, as required. The history of Sears Holding Corporation is traced in 1886 when its incorporator, Robert Sears, started selling watches for the purpose of augmenting his source of income as a station agent (Sears: Chronology, 2010, par. 1). With hard work, perseverance and innovative marketing approach, the legendary growth and ability to meet challenges in its business environment led to its continued successful existence after more than a century of serving the customers’ needs. Today, with its merger with Kmart Holdings Corporation in 2005, it is considered the â€Å"fourth largest retailer in the United States, behind Wal-Mart, The Home Depot, and Kroger (Stores.org, 2006). With the combined efforts of Kmart and Sears, the organization’s executive summary of the marketing plan for the year appears below: Sears Holding Corporation (SHC) has attained a successful profitability performance boasting of â€Å"$1.8 billion of Adjusted EBITDA, an improvement of more than $200 million over 2008† (Sears Holding Corp.: Chairman’s Letter, 2010, par. 1). With the financial success despite the global financial crisis, SHC’s five pillars of marketing strategy assisted in directing all efforts towards growth and improvement, to wit: â€Å"(1) Creating lasting relationships with customers by empowering them to manage their lives; (2) Attaining best in class productivity and efficiency; (3) Building our brands; (4) Reinventing the company continuously through technology and innovation; and (5) Reinforcing â€Å"The SHC Way† by living our values every day† (Sears Holding Corp.: Chairman’s Letter, 2010, pars. 7 – 11). For the coming year, the objectives of the company are summarized herewith: â€Å"(1) focus on new and innovative products for the Kenmore laundry business; (2) enforce leadership through heavy marketing efforts and

Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Assignment - Research Paper Example Therefore, in order for the businesses to remain competitive, advertising and fashion shows have become important activities that aim at attracting the customers. However, the level at which models with low body mass index is used in fashion shows and advertising within the fashion arts is alarming. This paper will therefore discuss reasons why use of models with low body mass index in fashion shows and advertising within the fashion arts should be banned. The largest market segment composes of the young generation. These are people who are willing to use their disposable money on luxurious goods. Therefore, they are easily swayed by the models with low body mass index. With the changing perception concerning the fashion industry, many of the young people want to look like the models that are used in the fashion shows and adverts of the fashion arts. Even though majority of them do not have the knowledge on losing weight, they try to use any means available to look like the fashion models. For instance, research indicates that many turn to diet in order to reduce their body mass index (Perrier 27). This is through reducing the amount of food they take or skipping some of the meals. Majority of these people ends up being malnourished or suffering from diseases that are associated with poor feeding habits. On the other hand, other groups of people have turned their attention to drugs that are perceived to help the users reduce the body mass index. Some of these drugs have devastating side effects. Majority of the users suffer from body reactions that emanates from the use of the drugs. This is because there are no prescribed ways of using them. Furthermore, majority of them are misled and do not have the information on the repercussions of these drugs on their bodies. Therefore, during fashion shows and fashion adverts, models used should be a representative of the whole population. These are people of all body sizes. Nevertheless, during

The role of trust in strategic alliances Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The role of trust in strategic alliances - Essay Example Added to this is the input from those who actually involved in this business, giving us a "real world" perspective. This essential input often gives us insider accounts of a contemporary world which we are not normally privileged to see. Before examining the role of trust in Strategic Alliances the notion of Strategic Alliance itself should be descried. In the literature there are different definitions proposed to describe the nature of Strategic Alliances. The first layer of literature (Austin 2000; Lewis 1999) used this term to describe joint ventures which do not involve equity investment by the partners and co-operative activities in areas other than manufacturing. In this case, Strategic Alliances are described as co-operative business activities between two or more firms, entered into for strategic reasons, involving the creation of a separate business entity under joint control and ownership. They can involve equal shareholdings. Strategic Alliances can "involve 'passive' partners who invest money in the operation without taking an active role in its management. alliances are "formed between firms with similar capabilities and capacities usually from industrialised countries; companies involved in strategic alliances are often direct competitors operating in the same product and geographic markets; they are usually entered into for reasons other than market access or the pooling of synergistic resources". While examining the role of trust in Strategic Alliances the research will be based on the second interpretation of the notion strategic alliance. The importance of trust In ordinary day-to-day practice most strategic alliances when making decisions tend to combine these different approaches, although frequently without being aware of the mental processes they are using. It is helpful to be aware of whether one is thinking in terms of 'acts' or 'ends', especially when analysing a dilemma. Theories proposed by Lewicki et al (1998) base a conception of right action on a conception of trust for duty's sake and mainly differ in so far as they specify two different sources of these duties. In order to make the correct moral choices, a strategic alliance simply has to understand what its trust concepts are and what correct rules exist which regulate the duties between the partners. When the parties of a strategic alliance follow their duty, it is behaving morally. When they fail to follow trust policy, it is immoral. It has also been acknowledged that strategic alliances have important obligations to a variety of stakeholders and not just the shareholders, and this should be reflected in their statements of trust (Bleeke, Ernst, 1995). To some extant trust within strategic alliances is based on the codes of ethics or a formal statement of what strategic alliances expects in the way of ethical behavior. It can serve as a guide for employee conduct to help employees determine what behaviors are acceptable. Since the purpose of trust is to let everyone know what is expected and what is

Communication Infrastructure and how it was affeted by Huricane Term Paper

Communication Infrastructure and how it was affeted by Huricane Katrina - Term Paper Example The national communication policy focuses much on the improvement on all the communication services so that everybody is served as fast as possible with the aim of improving the relation and the connection between individuals in different places. In order to achieve this, the national communication policy has placed more emphasis on the service providers to ensure that they restructure their services to meet the future challenges in communication sector. The policy recognizes that the role played by the communication system is vital since it affects the whole economy and hence most government policies would be based on the ICT policies (World Bank Group, 2002). The role played by the ICT is very important in all the other sectors of the economy since any effect in the communication sector results into the direct or the indirect effect on the other sectors of the economy. This can be either direct like in the E-commerce and the companies that have multinational operations may also be affected. It is therefore the role of the government to formulate those policies that aims at improving the communication systems. The communication policies also provide for the response to the disasters such that of Hurricane Katrina. There is the local mobilization of the resources by the local authorities as well as the federal so as to ensure that response is done as faster as possible to safeguard the national infrastructure against the disasters (Johnson & Turner, 2002). The military may also assist in the times of disasters though there is no direct integration of the military efforts within the communication policies. As a result, the military often join the rescue teams and the first responders as the second responders in disasters like hurricane Katrina. In order for the government to ensure that all these policies are harmonized and all the players in the sector are treated fairly, the government has established a regulatory authority to look into the conflicts and also to regulate the communication sector. The communications regulatory authority plays a vital role in regulating the telecommunications, radio and television frequency spectrum, posts and other communication careers (Johnson & Turner, 2002). This ensures that communication is effective and efficient and accordance with the law. Regulatory authority also protects the customer, service providers as well as other people involve in communication industry. It is the role of the regulatory authority to ensure that all the communication systems are in line with the modern technology and hence helps the customer to link with others in the international scene. The provision of radio and television spectrums is important since they ensure there is no mix up in the communication from the many providers. In trade, the communication regulatory authority also assist the businesses by identification of the barriers to trade and hence formulate policies that would ensue free and ease of movement of g oods and services from one region to another (Johnson & Turner, 2002). The investments from other nations as well as from domestic are regulated by the communication regulatory authority. In this way, it formulates and implements a policy that does not only make communication easy, but also provide opportunities for trade. Increasing Security and Protection Communication plays an important aspect in the development of

Why Did Stalin Come to Power and Not Trotsky Essay Example for Free

Why Did Stalin Come to Power and Not Trotsky Essay Stalin’s race to become the all mighty ruler fully started after Lenin died of a stroke on the 21st of January 1924. With Lenin gone, Stalin started to eliminate the other members of the Communist Party: Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Rykov, Tomsky and Bukharin. He very cleverly switched between the left wing and the right wing, by making alliances with one wing the suddenly breaking with them, only to join the other wing, going against everything that they had just achieved. Stalin knocked out all other party members along the way even those who were considered to be his friend. His violent childhood, misguided early life and the death of his first wife caused him to lose all sense of emotion turning him into a vicious competitor in the Communist Party. Trotsky was one of Stalin’s major competitors for the title of all ruling leader, however even he could not stop this man of steel, a name that Stalin quite fittingly gave to himself as he joined the party. One of the main reasons as to why Stalin came to power and not Trotsky, was that Trotsky did not attend Lenin’s funeral. This was due to the fact that Trotsky himself was sick and so he took a rest holiday in Sukhumi in the south of Russia. Stalin told Trotsky the wrong date for the funeral, so he thought he would not be able to make it back in time. However really Trotsky could have made it to the funeral but Stalin used this against him. He made Trotsky look like he had committed a cardinal sin, disrespecting Lenin’s death. Stalin made it look as if Trotsky was sun bathing in Sukhumi and could not be bothered to come to the funeral. This accusation seriously damaged Trotsky’s political reputation and was ultimately the beginning of Trotsky’s down fall. With Trotsky not at the funeral, Stalin was able to proclaim himself Lenin’s disciple saying he would carry on ruling for the sake of their once great leader. One of the ways Stalin paid his â€Å" respects† to Lenin was one of his Political policies. â€Å"Pay your respects to our once great leader by voting for Stalin†. The people started to vote for Stalin in their masses, thinking that they were respecting Lenin but really they were giving Stalin a massive advantage over his political rivals. Because Trotsky missed Lenins funeral it caused all sorts of problems for Trotsky in the future. He was thought to be insecure. He came across as being unable to stand up for himself in a political fight, he preferred to sort things out in writing. Another apparent insecurity of Trotsky’s was that he was a Jew and was very conscious of this. Of course Stalin took advantage of this and joined forces with Zinoviev and Kamenev to stop Trotsky becoming a major competitor in the race to the Commissar of the USSR. With the combined force of Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev’s voters, Trotsky was easily out voted. As well as out voting Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev also questioned his loyalty to the Communist Party, raising his opposition to Lenin. This caused Trotsky to then retaliate by bringing up the lessons of October. The lesson of October happened in 1924, Lenin encouraged it but Zinoviev and Kamenev opposed it With three of them occupied arguing Stalin could advance further in the party without much trouble. With Trotsky’s insecurities, he became arrogant and high minded in order to protect himself, so as a result people did not like him. It was said that he was able to match Lenin in his intellect of the Marxist theories; however this made him appear to think himself superior. With the party thinking that he was arrogant, he was not like in the party at all, even though he was very good with the masses. In the end though the population started to see his arrogance and thought too highly of himself, this caused them to stop voting for him. Trotsky was also considered an outsider to the party, because he joined the party in 1917, this was because Trotsky joined the Communist party when he was young and he already wanted respect, which the older party members did not like . One of the only people in the party that did like Trotsky was Lenin who stated in his testament that not only was he distinguished by his outstanding abilities, but also that he was the most capable man in the cu rrent Central Committee. There is no doubt that Stalin was very lucky within the communist party with the timing of Lenin’s death. If Lenin had not suffered from a stroke, then he would have had the chance to exclude Stalin from the communist party. In Lenin’s eyes Stalin was considered very rude, aggressive in his methods and dangerous to the people. However Lenin could not expell Stalin orally, so he wrote in it is his testament instead. â€Å"Comrade Stalin having become the General Secretary has immeasurable power in his hands, and I am not sure he knows how to use that power with sufficient caution. Lenin’s testament was never read out to the public or the communist party because Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev decided it was better that Trotsky was not in power and to keep Stalin on Zinoviev’s and Kamenev’s side. Stalin was very clever with the methods in which he used to progress himself in the party however they were very risky. These risks included misinformation, dr astic internal shifts within the communist party and turning party members against each other. Some of the reasons as to why Stalin could take such risks was because he had the control over the communist party and he also had a large wealth of people following him. Due to his â€Å"pay your respects to the great leader† campaign and he understood how to manipulate people. The other party members wanted to join with him and trusted him because he had so many followers and he it appear as if he was one of the most loyal party members of the communist party. Once Trotsky had stopped fighting with Zinoviev and Kamenev, it only was then that they realized that Stalin had progressed a lot further in the political race to becoming the commissar of the Soviet Union. So in 1926 Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev decided to create a Troika of their own. This would allow then to politically attack Stalin. They believed they had more power than him because there were three of them, however this was not true. Stalin painted them as factionalists because it looked like they had created a separate party just to attack him, which was indeed true. However that is exactly what Stalin omitted to mention that he had done the same with Trotsky making a hypocrite. In 1927 Trotsky was exiled from the party, from there he lived in France, Norway and Mexico. Even though Trotsky was out of Russia he still opposed Stalin until eventually Trotsky was assassinated in 1940 in Mexico by one of Stalin’s secret police. With Trotsky gone by 1927 Stalin was almost certainly going to become the commissar of the Soviet Union, which he did in 1929. Some would say that not all of the methods Stalin used to become the Commissar were legal however they did get him to where he wanted to be. They were very aggressive methods and in some cases were considered vicious, but Stalin had the political and tactical mind that helped him to get the top. Besides the methods that Stalin used there is no doubt that luck played a large factor in his rise to becoming the leader of the Soviet Union. If it were not for the fact that Lenin had his stroke at particular time he did and Trotsky was on a rest leave then it would have been a lot harder, nearly impossible for him to become the leader. With Stalin in the chair of power for almost the next 25 years, Russia was about to become a completely different Country.

Target Market for Dunkin Donuts

Target Market for Dunkin Donuts Target Market: The target market for my Dunkin Donuts are teens and working class people within the middle age bracket who are always on a tight schedule running to catch the bus, train or even drive to work/school. The target market demographics is: Teens who are between the ages of 15-18 Young adults who are between 18-45 years old. BlogSpot (2015) describes the consumer behaviour of this category of people as one that is highly consumption-oriented. What this means is that my category of consumers are ones who expect that their product purchase offers them the expected satisfaction and they are willing to spend reasonable amount in getting them. Recent research shows that teenagers and young adults have become increasingly aware of new products and often times seek out new products and they are natural triers and spend hours shopping for themselves (Shand,2016). Therefore, with the introduction of our new beverage flavours and snacks line, my target market will be quiet content to spend money for beverage and snacks that gets them prepared for their daily tasks at a reasonable price. For example, Dunkin Large Chai Tea Latte is sold for $3.75 as against $4.84 sold by Starbucks. Consumer buying behavior is described as the sum total of consumer attitudes, preferences, intentions, and decisions regarding the consumers behavior in the marketplace when purchasing a product or service(Study.com 2016). They recently introduced a stronger brew of coffee for their customers that like very strong coffee flavor. What are external forces of consumer behaviour? External forces of consumer behavior identified are not individualistic but rather are forces outside of the consumer. They are capable of influencing buying patterns of individuals. What this means is that these forces are external to the consumer. For example, for my target market, some of the external forces to consider are: culture, reference group and social class (Chand 2016). Culture and consumer behaviour: culture as it relates to consumer behaviour refers to the basic attitude of people in a certain nationality where an individual live. The target market of Dunkin donuts are people who have a culture of drinking tea or coffee especially during the winter. To encourage consumers to stay warm especially during the winter season Dunkin has introduced a new menu which incorporates incredible espresso drinks that are low in calories as well as the introduction of a stronger brew of coffee customers that like very strong coffee flavor.   This new item suggestion which is our remarkable offering will incorporate our plate of mixed green vegetable menus. This green menu is also dunkinsway of promoting the culture of healthy living which has become prevalent among teens and young adults. Vegetables for the new plate of mixed greens menu will be sourced straightforwardly from the homestead in this way guaranteeing they are new and firm. Reference group/People: Reference groups is described by study.com (2016) as groups of people that influence individuals attitude or behaviour. Consumer behaviour is affected by reference group in the sense that consumers use reference points for learning attitudes, behaviour, and adapt these in their life. Reference groups influence product and brand purchases, particularly when the consumption is conspicuous in nature. Where a product is conspicuously consumed, the brand chosen may be influenced by what buyers perceive as acceptable to their reference groups. Take for instance Dunkin has a loyalty program popular among young people where customers purchase one of Dunkin gift cards and you receive perk points. The gift card is free there is no fee to join the program when you reach 200 points you can select a free beverage any size of your choosing. Dunkin has an app where you can also put the gift card on your phone so that you dont have to worry about losing the card. Through their app you can see all their special promotions, you can receive double points if you shop in their stores between specified hours or if you purchase a coffee with a bagel. You can also place you order through the app and pick it up so that you dont have to wait on line, you pay for your order through the app its that easy. Basically, this consumer behaviour can help Dunkin create a community of Dunkin consumers with non members eager to join and take advantage of the opportunities offered. Social class: Social class as an important determinant of consumer behaviour as it affects consumption patterns, lifestyle, media patterns, activities and interests of consumers refers to how income differences affects an individual consumer choices and behaviours. Although preferences regarding products vary between individuals Dunkin Donut will strive to make its beverages, snacks and vegetables the one of choice among its target market with emphasis on healthy eating choices which is evident in out green and vegetable menus. consumers purchasing is impacted by four noteworthy mental elements that are recognition, learning, inspiration and demeanors. My key products are: Vegetable menu, Strong coffee and espressos. We have a number of confectionaries that consumers can choose from. In promoting healthy eating choices, green and vegetable menus are being pushed to our target market. Positioning my Donkin Donut products will require an understanding of what consumers require in relation to product needs and satisfaction. Realizing what client needs are and what is expected to make enhanced and achievement items: Through research, as identified in my earlier work, we have recognized that consumers require choices in confectionaries and a collection of drinks when they stroll into any Dunkin Donut shop. Buyers additionally require an unwinding and agreeable feeling as they make the most of their dinner or lunch. For my target group, the above identified external influences will be considered using SWOT analysis to help position Dunkin as the confectionary and beverage shop of choice. SWOT analysis stands for Strength, weakness, opportunities and threat. This analysis will be used through the following: Strength:   The strength of Dunkin Donut lies in the culture and consumer behaviour of the target customers. New products will be introduced and developed to reflect our encouragement of healthy eating choices, roll out of new flavoured beverages and hot tea for our target market and seasons special beverages will be introduced. Through consumer research, Dunkin Donut can identify specific consumers who fall within our target market group and offer them specific products in line with the prevailing consumer need. Research questions will include consumers attitude towards new products. Once that has been established, Dunkin will work towards rolling out new confectionaries and beverages for our target market. Weakness: One identified external weakness of Dunkin Donut is its positioning in the minds of consumers. Donkin Donut is considered after Starbucks. We will therefore be using this social class identification to segment my target market. For example, Dunkin Donuts target client is who fall between the 18-45 age category earn between $30,000 to $70,000 yearly therefore, we will have added value services for consumers who can pay more. For example, a cup of Chai tea latte can come with added flavour or topping at extra cost for the consumer who can afford it. As such, Dunkin Donut will be positioned favourably in the minds of our target market. Social class for Dunkin Donut will simply reflect optional choices that will cost more only at the choice of the consumer. Opportunities: The opportunity that will be used to drive Dunkin Donut is its reference groups/people classification which will be used to position Dunkin Donut because we will aim to create a community of Dunkin Donut customers through the development of our app and rewards programmes. A platform will be created for consumers to share their experiences, favourite Dunkin confectionary or beverage with Dunkin representative monitoring interactions and offering freebies, birthday shout outs and get well messages as they are shared on the platform. Through this reference group creation, we plan to have ambassadors of Dunkin Donut just as Beyoncà © has the beehives. We can have a community of strong coffee lovers community. This group will cater for consumers who love the traditional coffee taste. Another external influence that will be used to position Dunkin Donut is the Threats which presents itself in form of health and safety department regulation and control of foods for consumption. Dunkin Donut will display its health department grade A classification on its window so that consumers are aware that Donkin Donut serves the best beverage. Another important threat is security, there is heightened tension in places where people are gathered, therefore, Dunkin Donut will have a good presence of security personnel to ensure the safety of every customer. In conclusion, the external factors identified for Donkin Donut can provide a platform for targeted consumer satisfaction which will provide Donkin an opportunity to deal with every client exceptionally because at the end of the day, we need every visit to the Dunkin Donut store to be a wow experience. References BlogSpot.com. 2016. Good study: Consumer behaviour of young people. Retrieved from: http://goodstudy110.blogspot.com/2010/10/consumer-behavior-of-young-people.html. 12 January 2017. Chan, S., February 2016. 3 External Factors that Influences Consumer Behavior. Retrieved from: http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/consumers/3-external-factors-that-influences-consumer-behavior/12908/. 12 January 2017. Dunking donuts.2016. Dunkin donuts. [Online]. Retrieved from: https://www.dunkindonuts.com/dunkindonuts/en/coffee/didyouknow.html. December 9 2016. Strategy.com. August 2016. Effective Customer Needs Analysis: Focus on the jobs-to-be-done and see customer needs differently.

An Introduction To Human Resource Development Management Essay

An Introduction To Human Resource Development Management Essay HRD is an emerging concept to distinguish between strategic and business-oriented learning from traditional learning and development (Sambrook, 2004). HRD is generally focused on three areas in organization, viz. training and development, career development and organizational development (Fenwick, 2004, p.193). According to McCarthy et al. (2003, p. 58), the purpose of HRD is to foster the process of training in a company and to facilitate the organizational learning process. Despite with history of about fifteen year, HRD is remains as a vague and poorly defined concept (Garavan et al., 1999; Sambrook, 2004; Stewart, 2005), partly due to the difficulties in defining the scope for the concept and lack of a unified definition (Garavan et al., 1999). The concept of HRD is interrelated with a wide range of disciplines such as economics, sociology, psychology, strategic management, leadership and human resource management (Stewart, 2005, p.91). Definitions are therefore varies with different perspectives adopted by different authors (Garavan et al., 1999). Most HRD literatures are performance-oriented or learning-oriented as pointed out by Simmonds and Pederson (2003). For instance, Sambrook (2004, p.611) defines HRD as all those activities that seek to facilitate all forms of learning and development at all levels within organizations. On the other hand, Slotte et al. (2004, p.485) defines HRD as covering functions related primarily on training, career development, organizational development and research and development in addition to other organizational HR functions where these are intended to foster learning capacity at all levels of the organization, to integrate learning culture into its overall business strategy and to promote the organizations effort to achieve high quality performance. According to Hatcher; Kalra (cited in Hatcher 2003), HRD has been attacked for treating human as resources which to be manipulated or used to achieve organizational goal. The authors further argued that the HRD definition emphasis too much on resources while overlook potential (Hatcher, 2003, p.1). According to the Hatcher (2003), there are potential in each employee which exceeds the economic value. Therefore, treating human as resources places them in a subservient and compliant position to organizational goals and limits our ability to be in harmony with nature (Hatcher, 2003, p.1). On the other hand, Sambrook (2004) added to the critiques of HRD by arguing that most HRD literatures generally emphasis on performance outcome and neglect the organizational issues concerning the marginalized populations. According to Bierema (2002, p.245), the issues of diversity, equality, power, heterosexism, discrimination, sexism, racism, or other issues of oppression in organizations are ignored by current HRD literatures. Bierema and Cseh (2003) further argued that these undiscussable issues are ignored but yet, have significant impacts on both individual and organization. To address such issues, Rigg et al. (2007) had argued that it is necessary to think HRD from a critical stance. They argued that there is a need for critical turn in HRD (Rigg et al., 2007). 2.0 Critical Approach to Human Resource Development Before discussing on what is critical human resource development (CHRD), it is necessary to understand the term critical. Antonacopoulou (cited in Fenwick, 2004, p. 195) defines critical as providing voice for the repressed and marginalized, exposing assumptions and values, revealing the use of power and control, and challenging inequalities and sacrifices made in the name of efficiency, effectiveness, and profitability through a self-reflexive critique of rhetoric, traditional, authority, and objectivity. On the other hand, Burrell (cited in Sambrook, 2004, p. 614) suggested that critical theory is associated with challenging rational organizational practices and replacing them with more democratic and emancipatory practices. The two definitions implies that being critical mean to challenge unjust practices in the organization and to pursue a more democratic and justice practice. Hence, according to Kincheloe (cited in Fenwick, 2004, p.198), critical approach to HRD is dedicated to change organizations and their HRD practices towards a more just, equitable, life-giving, and sustainable workplace. However, Francis (2007) argued that critical approach to HRD is not opposed to traditional HRD. In fact, it seeks to help practitioners and academics to better understand and aware of the ambiguities in current HRD (Francis, 2007). Besides, it also seeks to demonstrate how inequalities and shift in power can affect the abilities to control the production, distribution and consumption of HRD practices and ultimately, the effects of these inequalities to the individual development and participation of employees (Francis, 2007, p.84). After understanding the meaning of critical in the context of HRD, then how to be critical in HRD? According to Antonacopoulou in his definition of critical, being critical can be achieved through self-critique on rhetoric, traditional, authority and objectivity. On the other hand, Burrell (2001) proposed that a critical approach should comprise of six components, viz. political, iconoclastic, epistemological, investigative, revelatory and emancipatory (Burrell, 2001 p. 14-17). Sambrook (2009) applied Burrells framework in the HRD context and outlined the attributes that distinguish CHRD from traditional one, which presented as follow: Political. Burrell (2001) argued that political perspective of critical approach is to understand the use of power in an organization and how political forces in organization can shape or influence human life. Hence, CHRD seek to identify the key stakeholders and influencers of HRD and examine their influence on the HRD activities (Sambrook, 2004; 2009). Unlike traditional HRD where employees and trainees are suppressed and excluded from giving their opinion, CHRD aware of the need for the shift of power to allow traditional oppressed groups to have more freedom and voicing opportunities (Sambrook, 2004; 2009). Iconoclastic. According to Burrell (2001, p.15), being critical involve breaking down the solidity of dominant imagery and icon. Therefore, CHRD attempts to challenge current perception of HRD and seeks to identify the purpose underlying each HRD activities (Sambrook, 2009). HRD suppose to serve the purpose of employees development or merely focus on performance-outcome? Asking such question will then lead to the exposure of weaknesses in current HRD activities which is performance-oriented (as argued by most critical HRD literatures) while the development of individual in organization is neglected (Sambrook, 2009). Epistemological. Sambrook (2004, 2009) argued that epistemological perspective is concerned with understanding of the foundations of HRD and the methodologies used in the construction of the knowledge about HRD. CHRD challenges currently dominant positivism and quantitative approaches in the construction of the knowledge about HRD and to adopt a more qualitative methods which will enable more in-depth study on the values, morality and ethics in HRD (Sambrook, 2009, p.66). Investigative. Burrell (2001) argued investigative perspective of critical approach try to challenge something that others have taken for granted. Being investigative in the context of HRD concerns with surfacing the social equality issues in organization which have been neglected in current research and practice of HRD (Sambrook, 2004). This maybe include an investigation of why certain groups of people having the priorities in receiving training than the others. Besides, investigative perspective can also include the investigation of the difference between what is HRD (in the eye of practitioners) and what actually been done by them (Sambrook, 2004). Revelatory. Burrell (2001, p.16) argued that, by attacking illusion, there can be a concomitant demonstration of what is illusion and what is truth. Given the difficulties and ambiguities in defining the term HRD, revelatory perspective of CHRD attempts to challenge current understanding of HRD in order to find the truth of HRD and to unified the different discourses which currently regarded as HRD (Sambrook, 2004; 2009). However, Burrell (2001) argued that it is difficult to practice revelatory perspective as it is problematic to distinguish between illusion and truth. Emancipatory. According to Sambrook (2009, p. 67), there are arguments on whether HRD should serve the purpose of freeing employees from capitalist exploitation and employment degradation. However, Burrell (2001) argued that it is difficult to achieve emancipatory as organization system always involve control and the effect of power is unavoidable. From the above attributes, it is noted that these strands are interrelated (Sambrook, 2004). Sambrook (2009) argued that individual awareness of the attributes of CHRD is important for CHRD to be put into practice. In addition, individual antecedents such as understanding and acceptance of ones role, recognition of the boundaries of ones profession, political awareness, excellent communication skills, respect and trust are also essential for the success of CHRD (Sambrook, 2009, p.66). In addition to personal antecedent, organization antecedents that involved include organizational culture of participation, democracy, learning and personal development (Sambrook, 2009, p.66) 3.0 Contributions of Critical Human Resource Development Sambrook (2009) mentioned in her article Critical HRD: a concept analysis that the practice of CHRD will result in a more democratic work production, improved (working/learning) relationship, more effective and relevant learning, enhanced transfer of learning, improved creativity and productivity, and an acceptance of alternative approaches to knowing (Sambrook, 2009, p. 68). 3.1 Political Perspective Contributions to Individual As mentioned above, political perspective of CHRD aware of the needs for the shift of power in an organization to allow traditionally oppressed groups to voice out their opinion. In line with that, Lowe (cited in Fenwick, 2004) argued that CHRD plays the mediating role to allow employees unions and management to collaborate in designing jobs, training and working condition. He further argued that CHRD can help to counter management push for new HRM practices that undercut the union, could champion a people-centered agenda and help leverage management collaboration (Lowe cited in Fenwick, 2004). Besides, the shift of power also related to the concept of empowerment. Empowerment is the shift of decision making power to employees (Erstard, 1997). According to Zeithamal; Berry and Parasuraman (cited in Ravichandran, n.d., p.2), employee empowerment is proven to have positive impact on job satisfaction and reduces role stress. It is also suggested that empowered employees experience lesser job ambiguity and have quicker response to problem as they can avoid wasting time referring the problem to their superior (Singh cited in Ravichandran, n.d., p.2). In addition, empowered employees are also demonstrating greater commitment and loyalty to the organization (Greasley et al., 2008). Contribution to Organization Employee empowerment as mentioned above also has its positive impacts on the organization effectiveness. According to Ladden (n.d.), empowerment can improve the productivity, decision making process and quality of service. The improvement of decision making process is due to the fact that decisions are made by employees who have the most appropriate information, expertise needed (Ladden, n.d.). Besides, empowered employees will also likely to have greater commitment to the decision made, thus, enable product or customer problem to be dealt more quickly which in turn will have positive impact on productivity and customer service quality(Ladden, n.d.). 3.2 Iconoclastic and Emancipatory Perspective Contributions to Individual From the iconoclastic perspective, the breakdown of the dominant performance-oriented purpose of HRD activities and the recognition of true purpose of HRD will lead to individual development in an organization. Fenwick (2004) who examines the practices of CHRD in workplace suggested that one of the CHRD practices in organization takes in the form of emancipatory action learning where employees learns as a team and collaborate to solve a problem through direct experimentation, critical thinking and communication. According to Lanahan and Maldonado (cited in Spence, 1998), action learning can help participants to solve problems more effectively compared with simple training and at the same time, develop leadership in them. Marquardt (2000) in his article action learning and leadership added to the point of leadership development by arguing that action learning can help improve individual effectiveness by developing good leadership attributes such as system thinking; risk taking and innovative; openness and share decision making; and become teachers, coach and mentor to others. Participants can develop system thinking skill through the process of asking new questions to gain better insight of a problem before coming out with its solution (Marquardt, 2000). This will in turn increase their ability to handle complex, seemingly unconnected aspects of organizational challenge (Marquardt, 2000). Besides, action learning can also increase the ability of participants to think in new ways rather than following the traditional route which will then improve their innovativeness and willingness to take risk (Marquardt, 2000). Furthermore, participants in action learning program can also learn to accept others opinion, learn from others perspective and to provide valuable feedback which will then help to create a culture of openness among participants and leaders are learning how to share their decision making power with others (Marquardt, 2000). Contributions to Organization York et al. (cited in Spence, 1998) suggested that action learning can also help to facilitate the transfer of learning as participants are able to take immediate action, thus making changes to the practices in an organization. On the other hand, Alvesson and Willmott (cited in Fenwick, 2004, p. 203) argued that emancipatory action learning can help employees to develop critical assessment about unfair practices in organization and then helps to improve the organization through actions to address such issues. According to Fenwick (2004), another practice of CHRD is in the form of emancipatory project- a small projects aims at addressing a specific oppressive issue. Meyerson and Kolb (cited in Fenwick, 2004, p. 204) has conducted such project and found that the project can yield a fruitful result to initiate changes in organization. On the other hand, Tosey and Nugent (cited in Fenwick, 2004, p. 204) demonstrated another example showing critical inquiry-focused form of action learning help transform management team of a failing small manufacturing company to think creatively about strategy and change the way they related to one another to be more supportive, caring and challenging. Challenges in Practice Despite the fruitful benefits of emancipatory action learning as mentioned above, Fenwick (2004) argued that the practice of the approach was proven to be difficult. Difficulties arise as emancipatory action learning should involve employees at the lower level of hierarchy and punitive actions from managers when the project failed to achieve expected result may caused further oppressed or violence of employees in the organization (Fenwick, 2004). Therefore, to avoid that to be happened, Fournier and Grey (cited in Fenwick, 2004, p.203) argued that the intention of emancipatory action learning should not be emphasized on performance outcome. Contrary, emancipatory action learning should emphasize on dimensions such as equality, fairness, job condition and politics of knowledge legitimation that are embedded in problems of organizational bottleneck and communication blockages (Fenwick, 2004, p. 203). However, the non-performance intention is apparently contradict with the traditional business objective that pursuing business performance, efficiency and productivity. Fenwick (2004) argued that performance is arguably the purpose of organizational existence and the original purpose of HRD is to enhance performance. The practice of CHRD that emphasize on promoting equality, fairness and emancipatory of employees condemned the hierarchical management of human learning and the productivity-driven purposes of business (Fenwick, 2004). This becomes a great challenge for practitioners in their efforts to adopt critical approach in HRD. 3.3 Epistemological Perspective Contributions to Individual From the epistemological perspective, the challenge of the methodologies used in the construction of the knowledge about HRD is related to the concept of critical reflection (Sambrook, 2009). According to Brookfield (1988), there are four major activities in critical reflection, viz. assumption analysis, contextual awareness, imaginative speculation and reflective skepticism. Van Woerkom (2004) who studies about the effects of critical reflection on HRD argued that critical reflection in HRD will helps to facilitate more effective learning of individual in an organization. Employees who engage in critical thinking are likely to display critical reflective behavior of reflecting, career awareness, experimenting, learning from mistakes, critical opinion sharing, invites others for feedback, and challenging groupthink (Van Woerkom, 2004, p. 187). The author argues that the adoption of critical reflective behavior has proven to have positive impacts on both the individual as well as organization. In the individual level, the adoption of critically reflective behavior will increase employees self-efficacy and participation in the workplace (Van Woerkom, 2004). The improvement in self-efficacy is due to the fact that employees need to have a certain degree of competency and risk-taking behavior to display critical reflective behavior in the workplace (Van Woerkom, 2004). They have to withstand social pressure and be critical instead of following the traditional ways or practices (Van Woerkom, 2004). Van Woerkom (2004, p. 187) argued that critical reflective behavior not only allow employees to develop their own competences and to connect their working life to personal development, but it also enabled them to optimize or to critically analyze and try to change work practice. In addition, Van Woerkom (2004) further argued that employees who adopt critical reflective behavior are likely to have a steeper learning curve and this will have positive effect on their self-efficacy. On the other hand, the increase in participation is due to the fact that the adoption of critical reflective behavior requires employees to get involved in the organization and to understand the work practice at different level of organization as well as the scope to solve problem and learn from mistakes (Van Woerkom, 2004). According to Van Woerkom (2004), employees that display critical reflective work behavior are more often being invited to participate in organization. Contributions to Organization In the organizational level, Van Woerkom (2004) had conducted investigation in two organizations (a textile painting factory and a forensic psychiatric clinic) and found that critically reflective behavior is effective to transform organization from Taylorism to a modern organization, with participating and self-managing workers (p. 187). Van Woerkom argued that to achieve this, employees have to reflect on their own current and future position in the organization and to reflect on their own behavior, instead of blaming others for mistakes (Woerkom, 2004, p. 187). Besides, the practices of challenging groupthink, ask for feedback, critical opinion sharing will likely to stimulate double loop learning in organization (Van Woerkom and Croon, 2008). According to Argyris (2002), Double-loop learning occurs when errors are corrected by changing the governing values and then the action. By practicing critical opinion sharing, ask for feedback and challenging groupthink, employees are able to share what they have learned with others, thereby facilitate the effectiveness of learning and working of the organization (Van Woerkom and Croon, 2008). Furthermore, Natale and Nicci (2006) in their research of critical thinking in organization pointed out that low level of conflict can help to stimulate the quality of decision making of a team. Therefore, conflict that resulted from critical thinking of individual in organization is useful to stimulate the performance of the organization (Natele and Nicci, 2006). However, the research also revealed that when conflict intensified, its positive effects will diminishes and team performance will deteriorates (Natele and Nicci, 2006). Challenges in Practice Despite the benefits of practicing critical reflection in the workplace to both employees and organization, Sambrook (2009) argued that individual and organizational barriers may arise in the effort of organization to implement CHRD which caused by dogma, misunderstanding, and perceived threat of loss of power. Particularly, the implementation of CHRD requires the shift of power which will may causes authority or management to resist the adoption of CHRD because the fear of losing their power (Sambrook, 2009). Besides, Reynolds (cited in Rigg and Trehan, 2008, p.378) argued that dissonance resulted from challenging status quo and questioning their position may cause individual to resist engaging in critical thinking. 4.0 Conclusion Current HRD is emphasis on the learning and performance while ignore the issues of diversity, equality, power, heterosexism, discrimination, sexism, racism, or other issues of oppression in organizations (Bierema, 2002, p. 245). Therefore, CHRD is emerged to address these issues. Sambrook (2009) using Burrells (2001) framework of six strands to a critical approach has constructed the attributes of CHRD, which are: political, iconoclastic, epistemological, investigative, revelatory and emancipatory. Generally, critical perspective of HRD is about challenging contemporary practices, exposing assumptions, revealing illusion, and questioning tradition (Sambrook, 2004, p. 614) in the objective to create a more just, equitable, discrimination-free working environment and to contribute toward human capital development. CHRD facilitates more effective learning of individual which will then increase the competencies and self-efficacy of individual (Van Woerkom, 2004). It is also argued that critical thinker in an organization are more often being invited to participate in the organization (Van Woerkom, 2004). Furthermore, the practice of CHRD can help individual to develop leadership as argued by Marquardt (2000). On the other hand, empowerment of employees helps to increase the productivity and responsiveness to problem while reducing the job ambiguity and work stress of employees (Ravichandran, n.d.). In organizational level, CHRD can facilitate double-loop learning which will help to change the practice of the organization (Van Woerkom and Croon, 2008). Besides, CHRD can also help to create a company with independent and participating workforce as suggested by Van Woerkom (2004). In addition, the effect of employee empowerment can also help to increase the productivity, service quality and decision making process as argued by Ladden (n.d.). However, the practice of CHRD will meet certain challenges in term of contradiction between the objective of CHRD and performance purpose of business objective (Fenwick, 2004) and the reluctance of individual to engage in the practice of CHRD (Sambrook, 2009). Therefore, Sambrook (2009) argued that organizational and individual antecedents as mentioned above are crucial for CHRD to be put into practice. (3532 words)

The Jonestown Massacre :: Papers

The Jonestown Massacre The Jonestown massacre was a horrible tragedy, which took the lives of over 900 innocent people and could possibly be the most corrupt and horrific experiment the American government has ever done. To get to know about the massacre, you have to know a little about the man behind it all, Reverend Jim Jones. Jim Jones was the son of a Klansman and considered himself to be a reincarnation of both Jesus and Lenin. (Lenin was a Russian revolutionist who helped bring about socialism in Russia.) They say he was paranoid of the American government, but later, it was found that he worked for it. He was a well-known person in San Francisco because he was the leader of the People's Temple and also because of the fact that he was the Chairman of the Housing Department and he and his church won many humanitarian awards. He was called "Father" by members of the People's Temple. The People's Temple was the so-called "church" that Jones established. People joined the People's Temple for different reasons; a political statement, structure, discipline, or a way to escape from violence, alcohol and drugs. Whatever the reason they joined for, when they got in something kept them there. Jim Jones was a mastermind at brainwashing, and that's just what he did to all of his followers. He had many tactics; he was an excellent speaker and was amazingly convincing, he staged fake healings, and used narcotics on his followers, so they would believe almost anything. As he was doing all this brainwashing he was stealing money from the people, raping the young women and girls of his church, and on top of it all, murdering those who seemed a threat to his church or attempted to leave. Eventually, The People's Temple was being investigated by the police, so Jim Jones moved it to the jungle of Guyana, he called this place Jonestown. Jonestown was his idea of the perfect community. It was based on the ideals of socialism and communism, and everyone worked

Goodman’s Countering the Culture of Sex :: Rhetorical Analysis Pregnancy Essays

Goodman’s Countering the Culture of Sex In this essay I will discuss the effectiveness of Goodman’s Countering the Culture of Sex. I will argue Goodman’s beliefs on sex and cautions she mentions through the text on underage/unprotected sex, the experiences I have witnessed and been through; and how that effects my beliefs, and suggest some things that could have made this argument more convincing to the intended audience. Countering the Culture of Sex convinces one to change his or her beliefs on pre-marital sex and unprotected sex because the arguments made are based upon fact and other opinions and realities. Goodman makes many effective points. She has evidence to back up her opinions. Bringing in the Madonna song â€Å"Papa Don’t Preach† and relating it to real situations and how the music can be an influence to its listeners. Madonna’s lyrics to the song, â€Å"The one you warned me all about, the one you said I could do without, we're in an awful mess, and I don't mean maybe – please†, make you think about the things that can happen. Maybe one should listen to his or her parents, rather than think if Madonna can get through it, maybe I can too. The author is trying to convince people that young Americans are faced daily with sexual connotations, that it’s almost impossible to prevent teen-age pregnancies in our day. Sex is an always presented problem in the media, in music, and in personal relationships. Goodman blames the media for unplanned pregnancies happening in these relationships. There are so many go-for-sex hidden slogans†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Just Do It† –the well known Nike slogan. Goodman brings up â€Å"Papa Don’t Preach†, a song by Madonna in the 80’s which is a â€Å"paean to teen-age motherhood.† Music is some people’s solitude; they go to it to understand life and what they should do with their own. It seems there isn’t enough that can be done to prevent and advertise preventing unprotected sex. Goodman makes convincing points with media and music, for I know many people who live their lives off music and television. It can be very convincing to many people. A friend of mine, whom I will not name, called me yesterday afternoon and told me she made a big mistake and needed my help.

This Is How I Am Prepaired for My Future

Most people have their future plans, dreams, things which they want to realize some day. Everyone dreams about interesting and satisfactory job with good salary, loving family, beautiful house and many friends. Future plans are often an escape from usual live for us. I often reflect on what kind of person I would like to be In the future and what my future life will look like. After 10th exam I want to study at the Delhi Polytechnic and rent a room in this city. I want to study computer science because it is very interesting subject for me and using a computer gives me great pleasure.When I finish studying In my opinion it is a very interesting and good job – nowadays many bosses search for workers well-educated in computer science and they pay them much money. I want to live In Delhi or Kanata the future. I think that living In a big city Is interesting and very comfortable because there are many meaner of transport, a lot of museums, theaters, cinemas where you can go In you r spare time. In Delhi, for example, there are also many cafes, restaurants, discos you can always find an interesting place.In big city there are many sorts of entertainment and you can meet a lot of people, Polish as well as foreigners. There are many good schools, when your children may be well-educated. In the future I want to spent much time with my family. I would like to have three children. I think that in the future I will adopt a child because in my opinion it is a disaster not to have parent's and family. When I collect enough money I will travel to other countries. I have always dreamt about going to Oneida or Bengal.

Factors Influencing Customer Satisfaction

Course: Research Methodology (BT21603) Lecturer: Dr. Zakariya Belkhamza Name of Members| Matrix Numbers| Signatures| Rachael Ubu| BB11110489| | Nurul Hidayah Binti Ariff| BB11110460| | Annie Thien Li Len| BB11110055| | Nicole Chow Soo Yee| BB11110372| | Surianti Binti Abidin| BB11110579| | Khuzaimah Binti Mohd Nurung| BB11110242| | Jazmiah Jamaluddin| BB11110209| | Mazlinah Binti Majid| BB11110310| | Siti Munirah Bte Abd Malik| BB11160816| | Wang Qin| BB11170684| | 1. 0 Research Topic Factors that affect customer satisfaction in the hotel industry. 2. 0 Research BackgroundThe English word â€Å"hotel† derives from the French word hotel (coming from hote meaning host). It refers to a townhouse which is any building that is frequented by seeing visitors. A hotel is an establishment which provides lodging for a paid short term basis. Kotler (1996) defined customer satisfaction as â€Å"the level of a person’s felt state resulting from comparing a product’s perceive d performance or outcome in violation to his/her own expectations. † The importance of this study is to gain knowledge on customer satisfaction and the problems resulting in lack of customer satisfaction in the hotel industry.According to Alex Hisaka (2011), the importance of customer satisfaction can have an impact on your business and if you don’t start paying attention you’ll lose an opportunity to make a customer happy. Customer satisfaction with hotel properties has been identified as one of the factors leading to the success of a tourist destination (Shih, 1986; Yau and Chan, 1990; Stevens, 1992; Mok et al. , 1995). Research into customer satisfaction in the service industry has increased dramatically in recent years (Peterson and Wilson, 1992). Customer satisfaction has long been an rea of interest in academic research. Hunt (1975) considers satisfaction an evaluation on which the customer have experienced with the services is at least as good as it suppos ed to be. For demographic characteristic, nearly 46 percent of the respondents had stay at Medium- Tariff hotels, 42 percent at High-Tariff â€Å"B† hotels and 12 percent at High-Tariff â€Å"A† hotels. The finding clearly demonstrates that the services encounter or customer-employee interaction is a major determinant affecting travels’ perceptions in relation to service quality, resulting in their likelihood of returning to the same hotel. . 0 Customer Satisfaction Customer Satisfaction * Service Quality * Room Quality * Service Quality * Room Quality Research Framework 4. 1 Research Problem Hotel industries nowadays are facing one of the most important challenge is to provide and maintain customer satisfaction. Kandampully (2000) Service quality has become a factor important in the overall tourism experience and one which ultimately dictates the success of the tourism business. According to Lewis and Booms (1982), service quality is measure of how well the ser vice delivered matches customer’s expectations.A part from that, room qualities also becomes a factor that can influence customer satisfaction in the hotel industry. Room qualities are important considerations for travel in-lodging selection. It includes cleanliness of room, comfort of bed, and quality of in-room temperature control and quietness of room. (Knutson, 1988; Barsky and Labagh, 1992; McClearly and Weaver, 1992; Gilbert and Morris, 1995; Heung et al. , 1996). Positive relationship can make a higher commitment of customers and increase their rate of return.Long term relationship between customers and hotel is becoming more important as the positive correlation between overall satisfaction levels of visitors and their abilty to return to the same hotel. Since most previous research found out that most study on customer satisfaction in hotel industry focused in Hong Kong, United States and other European countries, where there’s a lack of Malaysian study focusi ng in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Therefore, this research will focus on customer satisfaction in hotel industry in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. 4. 0 Research Objective 1.To investigate the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction 2. To investigate the relationship between room quality and customer satisfaction References 1. Choi T. C and Chu. R, 2001, determinant of hotel guests’ satisfaction and repeat patronage in the Hong Kong hotels history. 2. K. s. (kayne) Chan, 1998, journal of hospitality and tourism research. Tutorial 1 Research Methodology 1) What research is all about? 2) Describe the characteristic of scientific method (What is scientific research? ) 3) What is problem statement? How to write a problem statement Answers 1.Research is about doing or making a study in a specific area of interest. According to Saunders, research is defined as something that people undertake in order to find things out in a systematic way, thereby increasing their knowledge. 2. Scientific research is the development of a theory that is then tested through a series of propositions. The characteristics of scientific research are that firstly, we would have to create a hypothesis about the relationship between two variables. Second characteristic is that by using the hypothesis, we would have to test it through a series of propositions.Thirdly, we would have to examine the logic of the hypothesis by comparing them with existing hypothesis relating to our hypothesis. Fourth, we would have to collect appropriate data to measure the variables. Fifth, if the results of the analysis are not consistent with the problems, the hypothesis is rejected and the theory is false. Lastly, if the results are consistent then the theory is true. 3. Problem statement is analyzing the problems related to the hypothesis. By asking the correct problem statements, we can ensure that we can relate the problems to the hypothesis. Factors Influencing Customer Satisfaction Course: Research Methodology (BT21603) Lecturer: Dr. Zakariya Belkhamza Name of Members| Matrix Numbers| Signatures| Rachael Ubu| BB11110489| | Nurul Hidayah Binti Ariff| BB11110460| | Annie Thien Li Len| BB11110055| | Nicole Chow Soo Yee| BB11110372| | Surianti Binti Abidin| BB11110579| | Khuzaimah Binti Mohd Nurung| BB11110242| | Jazmiah Jamaluddin| BB11110209| | Mazlinah Binti Majid| BB11110310| | Siti Munirah Bte Abd Malik| BB11160816| | Wang Qin| BB11170684| | 1. 0 Research Topic Factors that affect customer satisfaction in the hotel industry. 2. 0 Research BackgroundThe English word â€Å"hotel† derives from the French word hotel (coming from hote meaning host). It refers to a townhouse which is any building that is frequented by seeing visitors. A hotel is an establishment which provides lodging for a paid short term basis. Kotler (1996) defined customer satisfaction as â€Å"the level of a person’s felt state resulting from comparing a product’s perceive d performance or outcome in violation to his/her own expectations. † The importance of this study is to gain knowledge on customer satisfaction and the problems resulting in lack of customer satisfaction in the hotel industry.According to Alex Hisaka (2011), the importance of customer satisfaction can have an impact on your business and if you don’t start paying attention you’ll lose an opportunity to make a customer happy. Customer satisfaction with hotel properties has been identified as one of the factors leading to the success of a tourist destination (Shih, 1986; Yau and Chan, 1990; Stevens, 1992; Mok et al. , 1995). Research into customer satisfaction in the service industry has increased dramatically in recent years (Peterson and Wilson, 1992). Customer satisfaction has long been an rea of interest in academic research. Hunt (1975) considers satisfaction an evaluation on which the customer have experienced with the services is at least as good as it suppos ed to be. For demographic characteristic, nearly 46 percent of the respondents had stay at Medium- Tariff hotels, 42 percent at High-Tariff â€Å"B† hotels and 12 percent at High-Tariff â€Å"A† hotels. The finding clearly demonstrates that the services encounter or customer-employee interaction is a major determinant affecting travels’ perceptions in relation to service quality, resulting in their likelihood of returning to the same hotel. . 0 Customer Satisfaction Customer Satisfaction * Service Quality * Room Quality * Service Quality * Room Quality Research Framework 4. 1 Research Problem Hotel industries nowadays are facing one of the most important challenge is to provide and maintain customer satisfaction. Kandampully (2000) Service quality has become a factor important in the overall tourism experience and one which ultimately dictates the success of the tourism business. According to Lewis and Booms (1982), service quality is measure of how well the ser vice delivered matches customer’s expectations.A part from that, room qualities also becomes a factor that can influence customer satisfaction in the hotel industry. Room qualities are important considerations for travel in-lodging selection. It includes cleanliness of room, comfort of bed, and quality of in-room temperature control and quietness of room. (Knutson, 1988; Barsky and Labagh, 1992; McClearly and Weaver, 1992; Gilbert and Morris, 1995; Heung et al. , 1996). Positive relationship can make a higher commitment of customers and increase their rate of return.Long term relationship between customers and hotel is becoming more important as the positive correlation between overall satisfaction levels of visitors and their abilty to return to the same hotel. Since most previous research found out that most study on customer satisfaction in hotel industry focused in Hong Kong, United States and other European countries, where there’s a lack of Malaysian study focusi ng in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Therefore, this research will focus on customer satisfaction in hotel industry in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. 4. 0 Research Objective 1.To investigate the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction 2. To investigate the relationship between room quality and customer satisfaction References 1. Choi T. C and Chu. R, 2001, determinant of hotel guests’ satisfaction and repeat patronage in the Hong Kong hotels history. 2. K. s. (kayne) Chan, 1998, journal of hospitality and tourism research. Tutorial 1 Research Methodology 1) What research is all about? 2) Describe the characteristic of scientific method (What is scientific research? ) 3) What is problem statement? How to write a problem statement Answers 1.Research is about doing or making a study in a specific area of interest. According to Saunders, research is defined as something that people undertake in order to find things out in a systematic way, thereby increasing their knowledge. 2. Scientific research is the development of a theory that is then tested through a series of propositions. The characteristics of scientific research are that firstly, we would have to create a hypothesis about the relationship between two variables. Second characteristic is that by using the hypothesis, we would have to test it through a series of propositions.Thirdly, we would have to examine the logic of the hypothesis by comparing them with existing hypothesis relating to our hypothesis. Fourth, we would have to collect appropriate data to measure the variables. Fifth, if the results of the analysis are not consistent with the problems, the hypothesis is rejected and the theory is false. Lastly, if the results are consistent then the theory is true. 3. Problem statement is analyzing the problems related to the hypothesis. By asking the correct problem statements, we can ensure that we can relate the problems to the hypothesis.

Disadvantages of E-Marketing Outweigh the Advantages

Throughout the past 50 years, marketing has changed substantially with the development of science and technology. Since start of the age of information technology from as early as the 1960s, traditional marketing has been evolving into to a new form of marketing, E-marketing. E-marketing is the use of information technology in the processes of creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers, and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders (Strauss, J 2006 P. 3). With the increasing demands of consumers, digital media brings more opportunities and at the same time more challenges for operators in today’s world. As a marketing mode that typically reach its audiences via the Internet, e-marketing benefits from the advantages of the internet and transcends distance and time, to which traditional marketing cannot measure up. Meanwhile, the shortcomings of the virtual world also impact e-marketing negatively, namely security issue and the cost of computer hardware which limits its reach in the developing world. As a result, e-marketing is like a two-sided blade. This essay will argue that the disadvantages of e-marketing outweigh the advantages support due to the following: limitation of access to computers, the threat to personal privacy, high cost and the low efficiency. Two significant advantages of e-marketing for public are global reach and convenient. By using the Internet as a channel of marketing, e-marketing has the same features as that of internet which can implement services for customers from different countries at any time. E-marketing can be particularly useful for niche providers, companies whose products can be posted easily, or businesses that are looking to expand geographically but cannot afford to invest in new offices or businesses (DTI 2004, P. 4). The commercial information can reach anyone, anywhere that provided internet access in the world. It allows merchants to tap new markets and competition globally. In addition, time is no longer a factor effects on marketing. (Strauss, J 2006 P. 5) Instead of being applied by organizations and officers during typical working hours, most of the marketing efforts from e-marketing are supported by website, which open 24 hours and 7 days a week. However, e-marketing has one main obstacle which is the limitation of access to computer as the result of the costs of the hardware, the low speed of internet connection and unreliable power supplies. Firstly, despite advances in the past few decades, ownership of personal computers is still very low in the develo ping world. In Ukraine, for example, only 1. 8 percent of the population owns a personal computer. In Mexico, 6. 8 percent of the entire population owns a personal computer; and in India, only half of 1 percent of the population owns one (Strauss, J 2006 P. 81). The statistics of the ownership of personal computer in the countries above indicate that e-marketing limits the potential audience the marketing efforts try to reach. Secondly, e-marketing is the balance between connection speed and web site design. In the developing countries, internet connection is still largely through dial-up connections, which depends on the telephone lines and restrict the speed at which data can be sent and received. In 2005, Italy had 0. 77 percent of its total population as broadband subscribers, while China had 0. 21 percent, and Russia had 0. 02 percent of its citizens subscribe to broadband (Strauss, J 2006 P. 87). This data illustrates that broadband is still limited in use as the communication infrastructure for e-marketing. The third challenge for e-marketing is the unreliable power supply in many countries. In Nepal, one of the poorest countries in the world, only 15% of all households have access to electricity. Moreover, it sometimes experienced blackouts during the summer months across the entire country (Strauss, J 2006 P. 84). The unstable electricity supplies make e-marketing unavailable to cater to the consumers via the internet. All in all, the use of the Internet benefits e-marketing with its reach, but also has serious drawbacks. Another apparent characteristic of e-marketing is personalization. Customers can acquire entertainment directly from the preferred individual receiving devices. Marketing by email or banner advertising enable multimedia one-to-one communication that makes the market easier to establish how effective your campaign has been. E-marketing is one-to-one and focuses objectives on the customers, which can typically reach the one who wants to know the products and services instantly and benefit the operators to receive the individual information and greet the customers with targeted offers (Descoeudres, O 2004 P. 3). The essential part of the one-to-one marketing is base on the specific customer database. The database was established when the buyers accomplish interaction and trade on the web, allowing the company to quickly obtain detailed information about customers’ responses to the advertising and contribute to the decision of transform the marketing strategies. Despite this advantage, the use of the Internet poses threats to personal privacy whi ch limit the spread of e-marketing. For instance, Tonysmart. om sold the customers’ information that they registered in the site when the company went to bankrupt, proclaiming that the customer database belongs to the company’s asset (Lamb, C. W 2006, P. 651). Similar incidents lead to the lack of trust from the majority of customers, who hesitate in providing to private information to web companies. â€Å"Internet as a virtual marketplace is still not greatly acceptable to orthodox buyers who prefer physical interaction and review of products and services before buying them. (Nantel, J 2004) to build up the trust bridge between the interactions of customers and companies in the virtual world is an ongoing process, which requires more time to achieve. To compare with traditional marketing, some proponents of e-marketing believe that cost advantage is one of the considerable merits. â€Å"E-marketing eliminates printing and postage costs, taking the best of traditional newsletters, advertisement, or dire ct-mail offers and customizing them, sending them electronically at a fraction of the cost of other methods† (The Advantages of E-Marketing, 2007). In fact, although e-marketing saves more postage costs, which may seems to reduce the investing input for operators, the money spend on setting up and tagging with the online payment channels, online allocation costs, cost of upgrading and maintenance of site are all the requirements for a successful sustaining marketing on the Internet. â€Å"Japan’s average monthly subscription charge is slightly more than 24 dollar per month, a relatively manageable amount given average household income levels. Yet, Lithuania and Slovenia have average monthly charges almost twice that amount† (Strauss, J 2006 P. 4). The consequence is inescapable that accessing to the Internet through land lines whether dial-up or via boardband is expensive in general. By 2011, online consumption will surpass TV as the number one medium worldwide. Despite this, some industries have been slow to adapt to changing consumer trends. Overall, marketers invest only 7. 5% of their advertising marketing budg et to online initiatives. The insufficient capabilities that in-house and agency are with the leading 59 percentage deterrent to investing online (Steve Latham, 2008). There is no surprise that online marketing is still relatively new, some what complication, and transform rapidly. Most corporations are still trying to make sense of new methods and develop new strategies to utilize it. â€Å"After years of one-off efforts, many are taking time to define their key objectives, strategies, tactics and requirements for achieving them. †(Steve Latham, 2008). On the other hand, the tight supply of talent is also a problem for both brands and agencies. According to Descoeudres (2004), finding skilled technicists to execute digital strategies is a huge challenge for e-marketing. As e-marketing involved in a certain range of marketing space, there are still not many clients who will enroll as loyal customers in the customer database. While this number grows over the years with time, some offline complementary methods are reliable to enhance the customer database. Striking a balance between offline efforts and continuing online efforts or a combination of the two actually helps the company to highlight the market presence as an entrepreneur. Therefore, it is very important that marketers are aware of the reward and inconveniences of e-marketing before they really strategize to optimize their revenue on the advantages and nullify the disadvantageous effects of virtual e-marketing. In conclusion, e-marketing becomes an integral strategy of marketing and business nowadays, which is widely used as manifestation method to contribute to marketing activities aimed at achieving profitable acquisition and retention of customers. Nevertheless, it still has a great amount of drawbacks including the lower range of the ownership of computer, the coverage of the Internet and the neglect of the personal privacy, the uneconomical input for consumers. As a consequence, e-marketers should never underestimate the negative impacts of e-marketing. In the long run, the function of e-marketing can be further developed to enhance its benefits for both customers and merchants by resolving the problems mentioned above.